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WINDOWS 2000 SERVER GLOSSARY |
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- A -
- Access Control Entry (ACE)
- An entry in an access control list (ACL)
that defines the level of access for a group or user.
- Access Control List (ACL)
- A set of data associated with a file,
directory or other resource that defines the
permissions users or groups have for accessing it.
In Active Directory, the ACL is a list of access
control entries (ACEs) stored with the object it
protects. In Windows NT, an ACL is stored as a
binary value, called a security descriptor.
- Account Lockout
- A security feature that disables a user
account if failed logons exceed a specified number in
a specified period of time. Locked accounts
cannot log on and must be unlocked by an administrator.
- Active Directory
- In Windows 2000 server, Active Directory
replaces the Windows NT collection of directory
functions with an integrated implementation that
includes DNS, DHCP, the Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP), and Kerberos.
- Active Server Pages
- A specification for dynamically created
Web pages that contain either VisualBasic or
Jscript code. When a user requests such a
page, the script is executed on a server and the
page is transmitted to a user as an HTML document.
- ActiveX
- A loosely defined set of technologies
that allows software components to interact with
each other in a networked environment.
- ActiveX Control
- A set of rules for how ActiveX
technologies are used to create applets.
- Address
- Precise location where a piece of
information is stored in memory or on disk.
Also, the unique identifier for a node on a network.
On the Internet, the code by which an
individual user is identified. The format is
username@hostname, where username is your user name,
logon name, or account number, and hostname is the
name of the computer or Internet provider you use.
The host name may be a few words strung
together with periods.
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- A TCP/IP and AppleTalk protocol that
provides IP-address-to-MAC address resolution for
IP packets.
- Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
(ACPI)
- An industry specification defining power
management on a range of computer devices.
ACPI compliance is necessary for devices to use the
power management capabilities in Windows 2000.
- Allocation Unit
- The smallest unit of measure on a hard
drive or logical volume. Also called a cluster.
- Anonymous FTP
- A way to use the FTP program to log on
to another computer to copy files when you don't
have an account on that computer. When you
log on, enter anonymous as the user name and your
address as the password. This gives you
access to publicly available files. See FTP.
- AppleTalk
- Local area network architecture built
into Macintosh computers to connect Macintosh
computers and printers. A network with a
Windows 2000 server and Macintosh clients can
function as an AppleTalk network with the use of
AppleTalk network integration (formerly Services
for Macintosh).
- Associate
- To connect files having a particular
extension to a specific program. When you
double-click on a file with the extension, the
associated program is opened, and the file you
clicked on is opened. In Windows, associated
file extensions are usually called registered file
types.
- Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
- A network technology based on sending
data in cells or packets of a fixed size.
It is asynchronous in that the transmission of cells
containing information from a particular user is
not necessarily periodic.
- Attribute
- A characteristic. In Windows 2000
file management, it is information that shows
whether a file is read-only, hidden, compressed,
encrypted, ready to be backed up (archived) or
should be indexed.
- Audit Policy
- Defines the type of security events to
be logged. Can be defined on a server or an
individual computer.
- Authentication
- Verification of identity of a user or
computer process. In Windows 2000 and Windows
NT, involves comparing the user's security identifier
(SID) and password to a list of authorized users on
a domain controller.
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- B -
- Backup Domain Controller (BDC)
- In a Windows NT domain, a computer that
stores a backup of the database which contains all
the security and account information from the
Primary Domain Controller (PDC). The database
is regularly and automatically synchronized with the
copy on the PDC. A BDC also authenticates
logons and can be promoted to a PDC when necessary.
In a Windows 2000 domain, backup domain
controllers are not required; all domain controllers
are peers, and all can perform maintenance on the
directory. Windows NT 4.0 and 3.51 backup
domain controllers can participate in a Windows
2000 domain when it is running in mixed mode.
- Backup Media Pool
- A logical set of back-up storage media
used by Windows 2000 Backup.
- Bandwidth
- On a network, the transmission capacity
of a communications channel stated in megabits per
second (Mbps). For example, Ethernet has a
bandwidth of 10 Mbps. Fast Ethernet has a
bandwidth of 100 Mbps.
- Binding
- A software connection between a network
card and a network transport protocol (such as
TCP/IP).
- Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
- Used on TCP/IP networks to enable a
diskless workstation to learn its own IP address,
the location of a BOOTP server on the network, and
a file to be loaded into memory to boot the machine.
This allows a computer to boot without a
hard drive or a floppy disk.
- Broadcasting
- To simultaneously send a message to
everyone on a network. See multicasting.
- Browser Service
- The service that maintains a current list
of computers and provides the list to applications
when needed. When a user attempts to connect
to a resource in the domain, the browser service is
contacted to provide a list of available resources.
The lists displayed in My Network Places and
Active Directory Users and Computers (among others)
are provided by the browser service. Also
called the computer browser service.
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- C -
- Certificate
- A credential used to prove the origin,
authenticity and purpose of a public key to the
entity tht holds the corresponding private key.
- Certificate Authority (CA)
- The service that accepts and fulfills
certificate requests and revocation requests and
may also manage the policy directed registration
process a user completes to get a certificate.
- Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
- A digitally signed list published by a
certificate authority of certificates that are no
longer valid.
- Child Domain
- Domains located directly beneath another
domain name (parent domain). For example,
engineering.scribes.com is a child domain of
scribes.com, the parent domain. Also called
a subdomain.
- Child Object
- An object inside another object.
For example, a file is a child object inside a
folder, which is the parent object.
- Cluster
- A set of computers joined together in
such as way that they behave as a single system.
Clustering is used for load balancing as well as
fault tolerance. Members of a cluster are
referred to as nodes.
- Cluster Service
- The collection of software on each node
that manages all cluster-specific activity.
- Console Tree
- The default left pane in a Microsoft
Management Console (MMC) that shows the items
contained in a console.
- Container
- An Active Directory object that has
attributes and is part of the Active Directory
namespace. Unlike other objects, it does not
usually represent something concrete. It is a
package for a group of objects and other containers.
- Cross-link Trust
- A transitive trust relationship between
two Windows 2000 domains in different domain trees
but within the same forest. Cross-link trusts
must be explicitly created.
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- D -
- Daemon
- A background program that runs
unattended, gathering information or performing
other tasks.
- Delegation
- Assigning administrative rights over a
portion of the namespace to another user or group.
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol)
- A TCP/IP protocol used to automatically
assign TCP/IP addresses of network clients.
- Directory Service
- Provides the means for storing directory
data and making this data available to network users
and administrators. For example, Active
Directory stores information about user accounts,
such as names, passwords, phone numbers, and so on,
and enables other authorized users on the same
network to access this information.
- Disk Quota
- A limitation set by an administrator on
the amount of disk space available to a user.
- Distributed File Syste (DFS)
- A file management system in which files
may be located on separate computers but are
presented to users as a single directory tree.
- Distinguished Name
- In the context of Active Directory,
"distinguished" means the qualities that make the
name distinct. The distinguished name
identifies the domain that holds the object as well
as the complete path through the container
hierarchy used to reach the object. A typical
DN might be CN=Mary Perez, OU=Research, DC=MegaIntl,
DC=com. This DN identifies the "Mary Perez"
user object in the MegaIntl.com domain.
- DNS (Domain Name System or Service)
- A service on TCP/IP networks (the
Internet included) that translates domain names
into IP addresses. This allows users to
employ friendly names like FinanceServer or
ourbusiness.com when querying a remote system,
instead of an IP address such as 198.45.233.59.
- DNS Name Servers
- Servers that contain information about
part of the Domain Name System database. These
servers make computer names available to queries for
name resolution across the Internet. Also
called domain name servers.
- Domain
- A group of computers that share a
security policy and a user account database.
Not the same as an Internet domain. (See
domain name).
- Domain Controller
- A server in a domain that accepts
account logons and initiates their authentication.
- Domain Local Group
- A domain local group used on ACLs only
in its own domain. A domain local group can
contain users and global groups from any domain in
the forest, universal groups, and other domain local
groups in its own domain.
- Domain Name
- In Active Directory, the name given to a
collection of networked computers that share a
common directory. On the Internet, the unique
text name that identifies a specific host. A
machine may have more than one domain name, but a
given domain name points to only one machine.
Domain names are resolved to IP addresses by DNS
name servers.
- Domain Naming Master
- The one domain controller assigned to
control the addition or removal of domains in a
forest. See operations master.
- Downlevel
- Term used to describe Microsoft services
for clients, servers, and networks prior to Windows
2000.
- Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)
- Communication between processes
implemented in the Windows family of operating
systems. When programs that support DDE are
running at the same time they can exchange data by
means of conversations. Conversations are
two-way connections between two applications that
transmit data alternately.
- Dynamic Link Library (DLL)
- A program module that contains executable
code and data that can be used by various programs.
The program uses the DLL only when the program is
active and is unloaded when the program closes.
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- E -
- Enterprise
- Term used to encompass all of a business
operation including all remote offices and branches.
- Environment Variable
- A string of environment information such
as a drive, path, or filename associated with a
symbolic name. The System option in the
Control Panel or the Set command from the command
prompt can be used to define environment variables.
- Ethernet
- A local area network protocol developed
by Xerox Corporation in 1976. Ethernet
supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps and uses a
bus topology and thick or then coaxial, fiber-optic,
or twisted-pair cabling. A newer version of
Ethernet called Fast Ethernet supports data
transfer rates of 100 Mbps and an even newer
version Gigabit Ethernet supports data transfer
rates of 1000 Mbps.
- Extended Partition
- A nonbootable portion of the hard drive
that can be subdivided into logical drives.
There can be only a single extended partition per
hard drive, but it can be divided into multiple
logical drives.
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- F -
- File Allocation Table (FAT)
- A file system consisting of a table that
keeps track of the size and location of files on a
hard drive.
- Firewall
- A protective filter for messages and
logons. An organization connected directly to
the Internet uses a firewall to prevent unauthorized
access into their network. See proxy server.
- Folder Redirection
- An option in Group Policy to place user's
special folders such as My Documents on a network
server.
- Forest
- A group of one or more Active Directory
trees that trust each other via two-way transitive
trusts. All trees in a forest share a common
schema, configuration, and global catalog.
When a forest contains multiple trees, the trees do
not form a contiguous namespace. Unlike trees,
a forest does not need a distinct name.
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
- A method of transferring one or more files
from one computer to another over a network or
telephone line. Because FTP has been
implemented on a variety of systems, it's a simple
way to transfer information between usually
incongruent systems such as a PC and a
mini-computer.
- Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
- A domain name that includes the names of
all network domains leading back to the root so as
to clearly indicate location in the domain namespace
tree. An example of a FQDN would be
accts.finance.dataflointl.com or
sales.europe.microsoft.com.
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- G -
- Gateway
- A device used to connect networks using
dissimilar protocols so that information can be
passed from one to another.
- Global Catalog
- Contains a full replica of all directory
objects in its host domain plus a partial replica
of all directory objects in every domain in the
forest. A global catalog contains information
about all objects in the all domains in the forest,
so finding information in the directory doesn't
require unnecessary queries across domains.
A single query to the global catalog produces the
information about where the object can be found.
- Global Group
- A group that can be used in its own
domain and in trusting domains. However, it
can contain user accounts and other global groups
only from its own domain.
- Globally Unique Identifier (GUID)
- Part of the identifying mechanism
generated by Active Directory for each object in
the directory. If a user or computer object
is renamed or moved to a different name, the
security identifier (SID), relative distinguished
name, and distinguished name will change but the
globally unique identifier will remain the same.
- Group Policy
- Setting of rules for computers and users
in Windows 2000. Includes the registry-based
policy found in Windows NT Server 4.0, but is also
able to store policies for file deployment,
application deployment, logon/logoff scripts and
startup/shutdown scripts, domain security, Internet
Protocol Security (IPSec), and so on.
- Group Policy Object (GPO)
- A collection of policies stored in two
locations: a Group Policy container (GPC) and
a Group Policy template (GPT). The GPC is an
Active Directory object that stores version
information, status information, and other policy
information (for example, application objects).
The GPT is used for file-based data and stores
software policy, script, and deployment information.
The GPT is located on the system volume
folder of the domain controller.
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- H -
- Hive
- One of five sections of the registry on
the hard disk. Each hive is a discrete body
of keys, subkeys and values that record
configuration information for the computer.
Each hive is a file and can be moved from one
system to another but can be edited only by using
Registry Editor.
- Host
- Any device on the network that uses
TCP/IP. Also, a computer on the Internet you
may be able to log on to. You can use FTP to
get files from a host computer and use other
programs (such as Telnet) to make use of the host
computer.
- HOSTS File
- A local ASCII text file that maps host
names to IP addresses.&nsbp; Each line represents
one host, starting with the IP address, one or more
spaces, and then the host's name.
- HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
- A system used for writing pages for the
World Wide Web. HTML allows text to include
codes that define fonts, layout, embedded graphics,
and hypertext links.
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- The method by which World Wide Web pages
are transferred over the network.
- Hypertext
- A system of writing and displaying text
that enables the text to be linked in multiple ways,
available at several levels of detail.
Hypertext documents can also contain links to
related documents, such as those referred to in
footnotes.&nsbp; Hypermedia can also contain
pictures, sounds, and /or video.
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- I -
- Intellimirror
- A suite of technologies that provides for
redundant copies of data to be stored on both client
and server.
- ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol
- A protocol used to report problems
encountered with the delivery of data, such as an
unreachable host or unavailable port. Also
used to send a request packet to determine if a
host is available. The receiving host sends
back a packet if it is alive and functioning.
See ping.
- Internet
- The vast collection of interconnected
networks that all use TCP/IP and that evolved from
ARPANET of the late 1960s and early 1970s.
The Internet connects roughly 70,000 independent
networks into a vast, global network.
- Internet Explorer
- Microsoft's Windows-based,
WinSock-compliant program for browsing the World
Wide Web.
- IP (Internet Protocol)
- The transport layer protocol used as a
basis of the Internet. IP enables information
to be routed from one network to another in packets
and then reassembled when they reach their
destination.
- IP Number of IP Address
- A four-part number separated by periods
(for example, 165.113.245.2) that uniquely
identifies a machine on the Internet. Every
machine on the Internet has a unique IP number; if
a machine does not have an IP number, it is not
really on the Internet. Most machines also
have one or more domain names that are easier for
people to remember.
- IPng or IPv6
- Short for Internet Protocol next
generation, a new version of the Internet Protocol.
The official name of IPng is IPv6 where the
v6 stands for version 6. The current version
of IP is version 4, also known as IPv4. IPng
is an evolutionary upgrade and will co-exist with
v4 for some time.
- IPSec
- Internet Protocol Security. An
IETF Internet standard for creating virtual
private networks.
- IPX/SPX
- Transport protocols used in Novell
NetWare networks.
- IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
- A system that enables Internet users to
talk with each other in real time over the Internet.
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- J -
- Java
- An advanced programming language similar
to C and C++ used in Web Pages to provide animation
and other advanced features that make a Web Page
unique.
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- K -
- Kerberos
- An identity-based security system that
authenticates users at logon. It works by
assigning a unique key, called a ticket, to each
user who logs on to the network. The ticket
is then embedded in messages to identify the sender
of the message. The Kerberos protocol is the
primary authentication mechanism in the Windows
2000 operating system.
- Kernal
- The part of the executive that manages
the processor. The kernel performs thread
scheduling and dispatching, interrupt and exception
handling, and multiprocessor synchronization.
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- L -
- LAN (Local Area Network)
- A group of connected computers, usually
located close to one another (such as the same
building or floor of the building) so that data can
be passed among them.
- Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP)
- A protocol used to access a directory
service. LDAP is a simplified version of the
Directory Access Protocol (DAP), which is used to
gain access to X.500 directories. LDAP is the
primary access protocol for Active Directory.
- Listserv
- A family of programs that manage Internet
mailing lists by distributing messages posted to
the list, adding and deleting members automatically.
- LMHOSTS File
- An ASCII text file like HOSTS but used to
associate IP addresses to host names inside a
network. To remember which is which, remember
LMHOSTS as LAN Manager HOSTS.
- Logon (also Login)
- Can be a noun or a verb. As a noun,
it's the account name used to gain access to a
computer system. Unlike a password, the logon
name is not a secret. As a verb, it means the
act of entering into a computer system; for
example, "Logon to the network and read your email."
- Logon or Logoff Script
- Typically a batch file set to run when a
user logs on or logs off a system. A logon
used to configure a user's initial environment.
A logoff script is used to return a system to some
predetermined condition. Either script can be
assigned to multiple users individually or through
Group Policy.
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- M -
- MAC (Media Access Control) Address
- A unique 48-bit number assigned to
network interface cards by the manufacturer.
MAC addresses are used for mapping in TCP/IP
network communication.
- Member Server
- A computer running Windows 2000 server
or Windows NT Server that is not a domain
controller. Member servers can be dedicated
to serving up files or printer services or some
other function. A member server does not
verify logons or maintain a security database.
- Mirror
- Two partitions on two hard drives configured so
that each will contain identical data to the
other. If one drive fails, the other
contains the data and processing can continue.
- An FTP server that provides copies of the same
files as another server. Some FTP servers
are so popular that other servers have been set
up to mirror them and spread the FTP load to
more than one site.
- Mixed Mode
- A domain in which domain controllers
running both Windows 2000 and earlier versions of
Windows NT co-exist. In mixed mode, the
domain features from previous versions of Windows
NT Server are still enabled, while some Windows
2000 features are disabled. Windows 2000
Server domains are installed in mixed mode by
default. In mixed mode the domain may have
Windows NT 4.0 backup domain controllers present.
Nested groups are not supported in mixed mode.
- Modem (MOdulator + DEModulator)
- A device that connects between a
computer and a telephone line to allow the computer
to talk to other computers through the system.
Modems convert the computer's digital signals into
analog waves that can be transmitted over standard
voice telephone lines. Modem speeds are
measured in bits per second (bps) -- also sometimes
expressed as kilobits (thousands of bits) per second
(Kbps). For example, 28.8 Kbps and 28,800 bps
are the same thing - 28,800 bits per second.
- Multicasting
- Simultaneously sending a message to more
than one destination on a network.
Distinguished from broadcasting in that
multicasting send to only selected recipients.
- Multi-master Replication
- A feature of Active Directory,
multi-master replication automatically propagates
every object (such as users, groups, computers,
domains, organization units, security policies, and
so on) created on any domain controller to each of
the other participating domain controllers.
All domain controllers contain the same directory
data so the domain is not dependent on a single
source for directory information.
- Multitasking
- Computer legerdemain by which tasks are
switched in and out of the processor so quickly that
it appears they are all happening at once.
The success of a multitasking system depends on how
well the various tasks are isolated from one
another.
- Multithreading
- The simultaneous process of several
threads inside the same program. Because
several threads can be processed in parallel, one
thread does not have to finish before another one
can start. (See thread)
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- N -
- Name Resolution
- The process of mapping a name into its
corresponding address.
- Namespace
- A name or group of names defined
according to a naming convention; any bounded
area in which a given name can be resolved.
The Active Directory is primarily a namespace, as
is any directory service. The Internet uses a
hierarchical namespace that partitions names into
categories known as top-level domains such as .com,
.edu, and .gov.
- Native Mode
- The condition of a domain when all
domain controllers have been upgraded to Windows
2000 and the administrator has enabled native mode
operation. See mixed mode.
- NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User
Interface)
- A small and fast protocol that requires
little memory but can't be routed. Remote
locations linked by routers can't use NetBEUI to
communicate.
- Netlogon Service
- Accepts logon requests from any client
and provides authentication from the Security
Account Manager database of accounts.
- Network
- Two or more computers connected to share
resources.
- Newsgroup
- On the Internet, a distributed bulletin
board system about a particular topic. Usenet
News (also known as Netnews) is a system that
distributes thousands of newsgroups to all parts of
the Internet.
- NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)
- A protocol defined for distribution,
inquiry, retrieval, and posting of news articles on
the Internet.
- Node
- A location on a tree structure with links
to one or more items below it. On a LAN, a
device that can communicate with other devices on
the network. In clustering, a computer
running Windows 2000 Advanced Server that is a
member of a cluster.
- NTFS (New Technology File System)
- The native file system for Windows 2000
and Windows NT. Supports long file names, a
variety of permissions for sharing files and a
transaction log that allows the completion of any
incomplete file-related tasks if the operating
system is interrupted.
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- O -
- Object
- An object is a particular set of
attributes that represents something concrete, such
as a user, a printer, or an application. The
attributes hold data describing the thing that is
identified by the directory object.
Attributes of a user might include the user's given
name, surname, and e-mail address. The
classification of the object defines which types of
attributes are used. For example, the objects
classified as "users" might allow the use of
attribute types like "common name," "telephone
number," and "e-mail address," while the object
class "organization" allows for attribute types
like "organization name" and "business category."
An attribute can take one or more values,
depending on its type.
- Object Identity
- Every object in Active Directory has a
unique identity. Objects can be moved or
renamed, but their identity never changes.
Objects are known internally by their identity, not
their current name. An object's identity is a
Globally Unique Identifier (GUID), which is
assigned by the Directory System Agent (DSA) when
the object is created. The GUID is stored in
an attribute, object GUID, that is part of every
object. The object GUID attribute can't be
modified or deleted. When storing a reference
to an Active Directory object in an external store
(for example, a database), you should use the
object GUID because, unlike a name, it won't change.
- Operations Master
- Active Directory operations that are
single-master, that is, not permitted to occur at
different places in the network at the same time.
Examples of these operations include the
primary domain controller emulator, schema
modification, domain naming, and the relative
identifier (RID) allocator.
- Ogranizational Unit (OU)
- A container object in Active Directory
used to separate computers, users, and other
resources into logical units. An
organizational unit is the smallest entity to which
Group Policy can be applied.
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- Packet
- The basic unit of information sent over
a network. Each packet contains the
destination address, the sender's address,
error-control information, and data. The size
and format of a packet depends on the protocol
being used.
- Page
- A document, or collection of information,
available via the World Wide Web. A page may
contain text, graphics, video, and/or sound files.
Also, a portion of memory that the virtual
memory manager can swap to and from a hard drive.
- Paging
- A virtual memory operation in which
pages are transferred from memory to disk when
memory becomes full. When a thread accesses
a page that's not in memory, a page fault occurs
and the memory manager uses page tables to find the
page on disk and then loads the page into memory.
- Peer-to-Peer
- A network in which two or more machines
can communicate with each other without the need
for any intermediary device. On a peer-to-peer
network, a computer can be both a client and a
server.
- Ping
- A network management tool that checks to
see if another computer is alive and functioning.
It sends a short message to which the other
computer automatically responds. If the other
computer does not respond to the ping, you usually
cannot establish communications.
- Point of Presence (POP)
- A physical site in a geographic area
where a network access provider, such as MCI, has
equipment to which users connect. The local
telephone company's central office in a particular
area is also sometimes referred to as their POP for
that area.
- Post Office Protocol (POP)
- A system by which a mail server on the
Internet lets you access your mail and download it
to a PC or Macintosh. Most people refer to
this protocol with its version number (POP2, POP3,
and so on) to avoid confusing it with Point of
Presence.
- PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
- A protocol that provides router-to-router
and host-to-network connections over a telephone
line (or a network link that acts like a telephone
line). Similar to SLIP.
- Primary Domain Controller (PDC)
- In a Windows NT domain, the server that
authenticates domain logons, and maintains the
security policy and master database for a domain.
In Windows 2000, one of the domain controllers in
each domain is identified as the PDC for
compatibility with downlevel clients and servers.
- Primary Partition
- A portion of the hard drive that's been
marked as a potentially bootable logical drive by
an operating system. DOS can support only a
single primary partition, but Windows NT and
Windows 2000 can support multiple ones. There
can be only four primary partitions on any hard
drive.
- Profile
- Loaded by the system when a user logs on,
defines a user's environment including network
settings, printer connections, desktop settings,
and program items.
- Proxy Server
- A server that receives Internet Web
requests from clients, retrieves the Web pages, and
forwards them to clients. Proxy servers can
dramatically improve performance for groups of users
by caching retrieved pages. Proxy servers
also provide a security purpose by shielding the IP
addresses of internal clients.
- Public Key Cryptography
- A method of secure transmission in which
two different keys are used - a public key for
encrypting data and a private key for decrypting
data.
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- Quality of Service (QoS)
- A set of standards for assuring the
quality of data transmission on a network.
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- R -
- RADIUS (Remote Authentication
Dial-In User Service)
- A security authentication system used by
many Internet Service Providers. A user
connects to the ISP and enters a username and
password. This information is verified by a
RADIUS server, which then authorizes access to the
ISP system.
- RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive
Drives)
- A range of disk management and striping
techniques to implement fault-tolerance.
- Relative Distinguished Name (RDN)
- Active Directory uses the concept of a
relative distinguished name (RDN), which is the
part of the distinguished name that is an attribute
of the object itself. In the following
example, the RDN of the user object is CN=Mary
Perez. The RDN of the parent object is
OU=Research. Example: CN=Mary Perez,
OU=Research, DC=MegaIntl, DC=com.
- Relative Identifier (RID)
- The part of the security identifier (SID)
that is unique to each object.
- Remote Access Service (RAS)
- Allows users to connect from remote
locations and access their networks for file and
printer sharing and email. The computer
initiating the connection is the RAS client;
the answering computer is the RAS host.
- Remote Installation Service
- Allows the installation of client systems
without visiting each client.
- Replication
- Enables the contents of a directory,
designated as an export directory, to be copied to
other directories, called import directories, on
network computers.
- Requests for Comments (RFC)
- An evolving collection of material that
details the functions within the TCP/IP family of
protocols. Some RFCs are official documents
of the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force),
defining the standards of TCP/IP and the Internet,
while others are simply proposals trying to become
standards, and other fall somewhere in between.
Some are tutorial in nature, while others are quite
technical.
- Router
- A special-purpose computer (or software
package) that handles the connection between two or
more networks. Routers look at the
destination addresses of the packets passing
through them and decide which route to use to send
them.
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- S -
- Schema
- A definition of the object classes and
attributes that can be stored in Active Directory.
Like other objects in Active Directory,
schema objects have an Access Control List to limit
alterations to authorized users only.
- Schema Master
- The single domain controller assigned to
track all updates to a schema within a forest.
- Scope
- IN DHCP, the range of IP addresses available
to be leased to DHCP clients by the DHCP service.
In groups, scope describes where in the
network permissions can be assigned to the group.
- Security Accounts Manager (SAM)
- Manager of user account information
including group membership. A logon service
of both Windows 2000 and Windows NT.
- Security ID (SID)
- A unique number assigned to every
computer, group, and user account on a Windows 2000
and Windows NT network. Internal processes in
the OS refer to an account's SID rather than a name.
A deleted SID is never reused.
- Server
- A computer that provides a service to
other computers on a network. A file server
for example, provides files to client machines.
- Site
- In Active Directory, an area of one or
more well-connected subnets. When users logon
to a site, clients use Active Directory servers in
the same site. See well-connected.
- SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)
- A protocol used to run IP over serial
lines or telephone lines using modems.
Rapidly being replaced by PPP (Point-to-Point
Protocol).
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- A protocol used to transfer e-mail
messages between computers.
- Smart Card
- A credit card-sized device that securely
stores user credentials such as passwords,
certificates, public and private keys, and other
types of personal information.
- Snap-in
- A tool that can be added to a console
supported by the Microsoft Management Console.
A snap-in extension can be added to extend the
function of a snap-in.
- Socket
- An endpoint to a connection. Two
sockets form a complete path for a bi-directional
pipe for incoming and outgoing data between
networked computers. The Windows Sockets API
is a networking API for programmers writing for the
Windows family of products.
- Subdomain
- A domain in the DNS namespace that is
located directly under another domain. See
child domain.
- Subnet
- The portion of a TCP/IP network in which
all devices share a common prefix. For
example, all devices with an IP address that starts
with 198 are on the same subnet. IP networks
are divided using a subnet mask.
- Subtree
- A subtree is any unbroken path in a
tree, including all of the members of any
containers in that path.
- Superscope
- A collection of scopes grouped into a
single administrative whole. Grouping scopes
together into a superscope makes it possible to
have more than one logical subnet on a physical
subnet.
- Systemroot
- The path and folder where the Windows
2000 system files are located. The value
%systemroot% can be used in paths to replace the
actual location. To identify the systemroot
folder on a computer, type %systemroot% at a
command prompt.
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- TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
- The protocol that networks use to
communicate with each other on the Internet.
- Telnet
- The command and program used to logon
from one Internet site to another. The Telnet
command/program gets you to the "login" prompt of
another host.
- Terminal
- A device that allows you to send commands
to another computer. At a minimum, this
usually means a keyboard and a display screen and
some simple circuitry. Usually you will use
terminal software in a personal computer -- the
software pretends to be ("emulates") a physical
terminal and allows you to type commands to another
computer.
- Thread
- An executable entity that belongs to one
(and only one) process. In a multitasking
environment, a single program can contain several
thread, all running at the same time.
- Transitive Trust
- The standard trust between Windows 2000
domains in a domain tree or forest. Transitive
trusts are always two-way. When a domain
joins a domain tree or forest, a transitive trust
is established automatically.
- Tree
- A tree in Active Directory is just an
extension of the idea of a directory tree.
It's a hierarchy of objects and containers that
demonstrates how objects are connected, or the path
from one object to another. Endpoints on the
tree are usually objects.
- Trojan Horse
- A destructive program designed to
disguise itself as a benign application.
Unlike viruses, Trojan horses do not replicate
themselves but can be just as dangerous.
- Trust Relationship
- A security term meaning that one
workstation or server trusts a domain controller to
authenticate a user logon on its behalf. More
commonly, it means a domain controller trusts a
domain controller in another domain to authenticate
a logon.
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- U -
- Universal Group
- A group that can be used anywhere is a
domain tree or forest. Members can come from
any domain and rights can permissions can be
assigned at any domain. Universal groups are
available only when the domain is in native mode.
- Universal Naming Convention (UNC)
- A PC format for indicating the location
of resources on a network. UNC uses the
following format: \\server\shared_resource_path
So to identify the Example.txt file in the Sample
folder on the server named Ample, the UNC would be
\\ample\sample\example.txt
- UNIX
- A computer operating system designed to
be used by many computer users at the same time (it
is "multi-user") with TCP/IP built in. It is
the most common operating system for servers on the
Internet.
- URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
- The standard way to give the address of
any resource on the Internet that is part of the
World Wide Web. For example,
http://www.capecod.net/~fcollege/index.htm.
The most common way to use a URL is to enter it
into a Web browser program, such as Microsoft
Internet Explorer or Netscape(r) Navigator.
- User Account
- A user's access to a network. Each
user account has a unique user name and security ID.
- User Profiles
- Information and restrictions about user
accounts. See profile.
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- VRML (Virtual Reality Markup
Language)
- A system used for writing pages for the
World Wide Web. VRML allows your Web Page to
include codes that define animations and 3D graphics.
- Viewer
- A program used by Gopher, WAIS, or WWW
client programs to show files with contents other
than text. You use a viewer to display
graphics or video files, or to play sound files.
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- WAN (Wide Area Network)
- Any Internet or network that covers an
area larger than a single building or campus.
- Well-connected
- Sufficiently fast and reliable for the
needs of Active Directory clients and servers.
The definition of "sufficiently fast and reliable"
for a particular network depends on the work being
done on the specific network.
- Windows Socket (WinSock)
- Windows Sockets is a standard way for
Windows-based programs to work with TCP/IP.
You can use WinSock if you use SLIP to connect to
the Internet.
- WINS (Windows Internet Name Service)
- A name resolution service that converts
computer names to IP addresses in a routed
environment.
- WWW (World Wide Web)
- A hypermedia-based system for accessing
information on the Internet.
- Workstation
- In Windows NT, a computer running the
Windows NT Workstation operating system. In a
wider context, used to describe any powerful
computer optimized for graphics or computer aided
design (CAD) or any of a number of other functions
requiring high performance.
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- X.500
- A standard for a directory service
established by the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU). The same standard is also
published by the International Standards Organization
/ International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC).
The X.500 standard defines the information
model used in the directory service. All
information in the directory is stored in entries,
each of which belongs to at least one object class.
The actual information in an entry is
determined by attributes that are contained in
that entry.
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- Zone
- A part of the DNS namespace that
consists of a single domain or a domain and
subdomains managed by as a single, separate entity.
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